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<title>Pattern 1853 Enfield</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pattern 1853 Enfield</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle-musket </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">1853 Enfield rifle-musket</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Rifled_musket" title="Rifled musket">Rifled musket</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1853–1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_%26_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland">United Kingdom</a> & <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">Colonies</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li>

<li><a href="France" title="France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>

<li><a href="Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li>

<li><a href="Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny">Indian Mutiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li>

<li><a href="Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li>

<li><a href="Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Royal_Small_Arms_Factory" title="Royal Small Arms Factory">RSAF Enfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designed</th><td class="infobox-data">1853</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Unit cost</th><td class="infobox-data">$20 (1861)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">1853–1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> built</th><td class="infobox-data">approx. 1,500,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data">Carbine</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">9.5 lb (4.3 kg) unloaded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">55 in (1,400 mm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> length</th><td class="infobox-data">39 in (990 mm)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.550 expanding conical bullet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="Caliber" title="Caliber">Calibre</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.577 in (14.7 mm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Percussion_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion lock">Percussion lock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">User dependent, usually 3-4 rounds a minute</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Muzzle velocity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,250 ft/s (380 m/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Effective firing range</th><td class="infobox-data">300 yd (270 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Maximum firing range</th><td class="infobox-data">1,250 yd (1,140 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Feed system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Muzzle-loaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle-loaded">Muzzle-loaded</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Sights</th><td class="infobox-data">Adjustable ramp rear sights, fixed blade front sight</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket</b> (also known as the <b>Pattern 1853 Enfield</b>, <b>P53 Enfield</b>, and <b>Enfield rifle-musket</b>) was a .577 calibre <a href="Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Minié-type</a> muzzle-loading <a href="Rifled_musket" title="Rifled musket">rifled musket</a>, used by the <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> from 1853 to 1867; after which many were replaced in service by the cartridge-loaded <a href="Snider%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Snider–Enfield">Snider–Enfield</a> rifle.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2></div>

<p>The term "rifle-musket" originally referred to muskets with the <a href="Smooth-bore" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth-bore">smooth-bored</a> barrels replaced with <a href="Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a> barrels. The length of the barrels were unchanged, allowing the weapons to be <a href="Volley_fire" title="Volley fire">fired in ranks</a>, since a long rifle was necessary to enable the muzzles of the second rank of soldiers to project beyond the faces of the men in front. The weapon would also be sufficiently long when fitted with a bayonet to be effective against cavalry. Such weapons manufactured with rifled barrels, muzzle loading, single shot, and utilizing the same firing mechanism,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also came to be called rifle-muskets.

</p><p><a href="Royal_Small_Arms_Factory" title="Royal Small Arms Factory">Royal Small Arms Factory</a> developed the Pattern 1853 Enfield in the 1850s. The 39 in (99 cm) barrel had three grooves, with a 1:78 <a href="Rifling" title="Rifling">rifling</a> twist, and was fastened to the stock with three metal bands, so that the rifle was often called a "three band" model. The rifle's cartridges contained <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> drams, or 68 grains (4.4 g)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, and the ball was typically a 530-grain (34 g) Boxer modification of the <a href="Robert_Taylor_Pritchett" title="Robert Taylor Pritchett">Pritchett</a> & <a href="William_Ellis_Metford" title="William Ellis Metford">Metford</a> or a <a href="Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Burton-Minié</a>, which would be driven out at approximately 1,250 feet (380 m) per second.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The original Pritchett design was modified by Col. Boxer, who reduced the diameter to 0.55 after troops found the original 0.568 too hard to load during the Indian Mutiny, changing the mixed beeswax-tallow lubrication to pure beeswax for the same reason, and added a clay plug to the base to facilitate expansion, as the original Pritchett design, which relied only on the explosion of the charge, was found to cause excessive fouling from too slow an expansion, allowing unburnt powder to escape around the bullet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Enfield's adjustable ladder rear sight had steps for 100 yards (91 m) – the first position  – 200 yards (180 m), 300 yards (270 m), and 400 yards (370 m). For distances beyond that, an adjustable flip-up blade sight was graduated (depending on the model and date of manufacture) from 900 yards (820 m) to 1,250 yards (1,140 m). British soldiers were trained to hit a target 6 feet (180 cm) by 2 feet (61 cm) – with a 2 feet (61 cm) diameter bull's eye, counting 2 points – out to 600 yards (550 m). The target used from 650 yards (590 m) to 900 yards (820 m) had a 3 feet (91 cm) bull's eye, with any man scoring 7 points with 20 rounds at that range being designated a marksman.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crimean_War">Crimean War</h2></div>

<p>With war breaking out between the Turks and the Russians, Britain realized that it was only a matter of time before they would be drawn into the conflict. The British Army was in the midst of a significant weapons transformation from smoothbore muskets to rifled muskets. While three of the four divisions of the field army in the Crimea had been supplied with the pattern 1851 Minie rifle-musket, the other regiments of the army around the Empire still carried the 1842 pattern smoothbore musket. By the end of 1853, the Enfield rifle-musket was approved by the War Department for the army and was put into production. The Enfield saw extensive action in the <a href="Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, 1854–1856, with the first Enfield rifles being issued to troops from February 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Filibuster_War">The Filibuster War</h2></div>

<p>The instability in Central America after the collapse of the <a href="Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> forced Costa Rica to reform and modernize its army, especially after a threat of invasion from Nicaragua in 1848. With the arrival of <a href="Juan_Rafael_Mora_Porras" title="Juan Rafael Mora Porras">Juan Rafael Mora Porras</a> as president in 1849, Costa Rica acquired between 500 and 2000 1853 Enfield rifles in 1855. Later that year, the adventurer and mercenary <a href="William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> imposed a military dictatorship in Nicaragua, reimposing slavery and threatening to conquer all of Central America. The 1853 Enfield rifle was used in the <a href="Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a> exclusively by the Costa Rican army, beginning with the <a href="Battle_of_Santa_Rosa" title="Battle of Santa Rosa">Battle of Santa Rosa</a> and the <a href="Second_Battle_of_Rivas" title="Second Battle of Rivas">Second Battle of Rivas</a> in March and April 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_Rebellion_of_1857;_Sepoy_Mutiny">Indian Rebellion of 1857; Sepoy Mutiny</h2></div>

<p>The Enfield P53 was introduced to Indian troops under British rule in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Enfield rifle-musket was a contributing cause of the <a href="Indian_rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian rebellion of 1857">Indian rebellion of 1857</a>. <a href="Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoys</a> in the <a href="British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>'s armies in India were issued with the new rifle in 1857, and rumours were spread that the cartridges (referring here to paper-wrapped powder and projectile, not to metallic cartridges) were greased with beef tallow, pig fat, or a combination of the two – a situation abhorrent to Hindu and Muslim soldiers based on religious beliefs.

</p><p>British military drills of the time required soldiers to tear open by biting open the prepared cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, snap off the greased end of the cartridge containing the bullet at the muzzle, ram it home, bring up the rifle to the hip, replace the percussion cap, ready the rifle by setting the sights and moving it to full cock, then to present the rifle, marking the target and squeezing the trigger. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be made wet in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The idea of having anything which might be tainted with pig or beef fat in their mouths was unacceptable to the Indian soldiers, and when they objected it was suggested that they were more than welcome to make up their own batches of cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as <a href="Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> or vegetable oil. This seemed to prove that the issued cartridges were, in fact, greased with pig and/or beef fat. A further suggestion that the Sepoys tear the cartridges open with their hands (instead of biting them open) was rejected as impractical – many of the Sepoys had been undertaking musket drill daily for years, and the practice of biting the cartridge open was second nature to them. Incidentally, after the Mutiny, manuals amended the method of opening the cartridge to, "Bring the cartridge to the forefinger and thumb of the left hand, and with the arm close to the body, carefully tear off the end without spilling the powder."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As a consequence of British fears, the Indian infantry's long arms were modified to be less accurate by reaming out the rifling of the Pattern 1853 making it a smooth bore and the spherical / ball shot does not require greasing, just a patch. This greatly reduced the gun's potency and effectiveness, as did replacing the variable distance rear sight to a fixed sight. This became the Pattern 1858. However, due to the now thinner walls, the barrel would bulge, and bursting was not an unknown problem. Furthermore, with the bayonet fitted excessive flexing became an issue. To remedy this, an urgent order was placed in England for around 12,000 new barrels made specifying with a thicker barrel wall. This became the very scarce Enfield Pattern 1859 which in good to very good condition attracts a premium.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand_Wars">New Zealand Wars</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a></div>

<p>The Enfield 1853 rifle-musket was issued to the British Army regiments, colonial Militia and Volunteer units and later to the New Zealand Armed Constabulary, and saw extensive use in the mid and later stages of the <a href="New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. The first Enfield rifles were issued to the 58th and 65th Regiments, stationed in the country, in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Enfield was not the ideal weapon for use in the dense bush covered hills of New Zealand because of its length and weight. Special units called Forest Rangers were formed to fight rebels in the bush but after their first expedition into the bush covered hills of the Hunua ranges, south of Auckland, most Enfields were returned and replaced with a mixture of much shorter and lighter, <a href="Calisher_and_Terry_carbine" title="Calisher and Terry carbine">Calisher and Terry breech loading carbines</a>, and <a href="Colt_1851_Navy_Revolver" title="Colt 1851 Navy Revolver">Colt Navy .36</a> and <a href="Beaumont%E2%80%93Adams_revolver" title="Beaumont–Adams revolver">Beaumont–Adams .44</a> revolvers. The special units kept a handful of 1853 Enfields for long range sniping. The Enfields continued to be used by the many British line regiments in the more open fern and tussock covered country of the Waikato interior.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Numbers of Enfield muskets were also acquired by the Maori later on in the proceedings, either from the British themselves (who traded them to friendly tribes) or from European traders who were less discriminating about which customers they supplied with firearms, powder, and shot.

After the introduction of the Snider-Enfield, many of the Enfield Muskets in the Armed Constabulary's armouries were sold off to members of the public, and they remained a popular sporting and hunting arm in New Zealand well into the late 19th century, long after the introduction of metallic cartridge-loading firearms.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2></div>

<p>The Enfield 1853 rifle-musket was also used by both the North and the South in the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and was the second most widely used infantry weapon in the war, surpassed only by the <a href="Springfield_Model_1861" title="Springfield Model 1861">Springfield Model 1861</a> Rifled Musket. The Confederates imported more Enfields during the course of the war than any other small arm, buying from private contractors and gun runners and <a href="Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">smuggling them into Southern ports</a> through <a href="Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade running</a>. It has been estimated that over 900,000 P53 Enfields were imported into America and saw service in every major engagement from the <a href="Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> (April 1862) and the <a href="Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Siege of Vicksburg</a> (May 1863), to the final battles of 1865. The gun was highly sought after in the Confederate ranks. According to a survey taken by British officials during the early stages of war on the arms of the Western Confederate Forces, nearly 70% were armed with smoothbore arms, such as the Model 1842 Springfield. Later in the war the same survey was taken, they found that more than 75% had acquired a rifle, mainly the Pattern 1853 Enfield.

</p><p>The P53 Enfields capabilities were largely lost by the lack of marksmanship training by both the Union and Confederacy. Most soldiers were not trained to estimate ranges or to properly adjust their sights to account for the "rainbow-like" trajectory of the large calibre conical projectile. Unlike their British counterparts who attended extensive musketry training, new Civil War soldiers seldom fired a single cartridge until their first engagement. After the end of the war, hundreds of formerly Confederate Enfield 1853 muskets were sold from the American arms market to the <a href="Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, as well as some prominent Japanese domains including <a href="Aizu_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Aizu domain">Aizu</a> and <a href="Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a>. These units were later used in the <a href="Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a>, and some remaining in Satsuma were also used by rebelling former samurai in the <a href="Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> about a decade later. A large number of Enfield rifle were sent to Mexico to arm the Mexican Army in the 1861-67 War with the French.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproductions">Reproductions</h2></div>

<p>The Enfield 1853 rifle-musket is highly sought after by US Civil War re-enactors, British military firearms enthusiasts and black powder shooters and hunters for its quality, accuracy, and reliability. The Italian firms of <a href="Davide_Pedersoli" title="Davide Pedersoli">Davide Pedersoli & C.</a> and <a href="Chiappa_Firearms" title="Chiappa Firearms">Armi Chiappa (Armi Sport)</a> manufacture a modern reproduction of the Enfield 1853 rifle-musket, which is readily available on the civilian market. Davide Pedersoli's reproductions are imported into the United States by the Italian Firearms Group located in Amarillo, Texas.

</p><p>The British company <a href="Parker_Hale" class="mw-redirect" title="Parker Hale">Parker Hale</a> also made reproductions of the Enfield 1853 rifle-musket and of the Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon in the 1970s. Those pieces were made to original patterns but are not particularly suitable for use by American Civil War reenactors because they were made to 4th model specs, including having the Baddeley barrel bands. This model (the 4th) was originally made too late to have been fielded in the American War. Appropriate models for that use would be 2nd or 3rd model three band rifle muskets.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="British_military_rifles" title="British military rifles">British military rifles</a></li>

<li><a href="Rifles_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rifles in the American Civil War">Rifles in the American Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_1861_Enfield_musketoon" title="Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon">Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon</a>, a shorter version of this weapon.</li>

<li><a href="Snider%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Snider–Enfield">Snider–Enfield</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJoFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA141">Purchase of arms</a>, House Documents, 1861, P. 141.</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFEarl_J._Hess2008" class="citation book cs1">Earl J. Hess (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9g0hAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat: Reality and Myth</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. p. 5. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7006-1607-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pg.9, Arms and Ammunition of the British Service; Maj. C.J. Majendie, Royal Artillery, London, 1872</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKNbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Text Book on the Theory of the Motion of Projectiles, the History, Manufacture, and Explosive Force of Gunpowder, the History of Small Arms, the Method of Conducting Experiments; and on Ranges: For the Use of Officers Sent to the Schools of Musketry</i></a>. p. 2.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pg.9-11, Arms and Ammunition of the British Service; Maj. C.J. Majendie, Royal Artillery, London, 1872</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diary entry of 23 February 1855 - Well Done the 68th, The Durhams in the Crimea and New Zealand, 1854–1866. John Bilcliffe <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-948251-75-1</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica: Gobernacion, 26172. De la Cova, Antonio. Coronel Henry Theodore Titus: Antebellum Soldier of Fortune and Florida Pioneer. University f south Carolina Press, 2016. Print. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611176568</bdi>. Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol XIII, No. LXXIII (June, 1856):118.|url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2CoZAAAAYAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA118%7C">https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2CoZAAAAYAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA118%7C</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose, Sarah. For All the Tea in China. New York: Penguin Books, 2010. Print.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Instruction of Musketry, 1856.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Field Exercises and Evolutions of Infantry, 1861.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ms</i> Diary of the 65th Regiment, 1858 entry.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forest Rangers.R.Stowers.Hamilton.1996.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle by Peter Smithurst; Osprey Publishing</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pattern_1853_Enfield" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Pattern 1853 Enfield">Pattern 1853 Enfield</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryheritage.com/enfield1853.htm">Loading and Firing an 1853 Enfield Musket</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svartkrutt.net/articles/vis.php?id=2">Shooting the short Enfield musket</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214222848/http://www.researchpress.co.uk/index.php/british/enfield">The Enfield Rifle</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sharpshooters.cfspress.com/arms.html">http://sharpshooters.cfspress.com/arms.html</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040807184007/http://www.nps.gov/vick/interp/lhrifle.htm">Vicksburg National Park – The P53 in the American Civil War</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="British_Empire_small_arms_&amp;_ordnance_of_the_Victorian_era187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> small arms & ordnance of the <a href="Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sidearm_(weapon)" title="Sidearm (weapon)">Sidearms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gothic_hilted_British_infantry_swords_(1822%2C_1827%2C_1845%2C_1854_and_1892_patterns)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic hilted British infantry swords (1822, 1827, 1845, 1854 and 1892 patterns)">Infantry swords</a></li>

<li><a href="1897_pattern_British_infantry_officer's_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="1897 pattern British infantry officer's sword">1897 infantry sword</a></li>

<li><a href="Beaumont%E2%80%93Adams_revolver" title="Beaumont–Adams revolver">Beaumont–Adams revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Adams_(revolver)" title="Adams (revolver)">Adams revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Webley_RIC" title="Webley RIC">Webley RIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Enfield_revolver" title="Enfield revolver">Enfield revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerr's_Patent_Revolver" title="Kerr's Patent Revolver">Kerr's Patent revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Tranter_(revolver)" title="Tranter (revolver)">Tranter revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Webley_Revolver" title="Webley Revolver">Webley .455" Revolver Mk I – IV</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Musket" title="Musket">Muskets</a> and <a href="Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brown_Bess" title="Brown Bess">Brown Bess</a></li>

<li><a href="Baker_rifle" title="Baker rifle">Baker rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Brunswick_rifle" title="Brunswick rifle">Brunswick rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Pattern 1851 Minié</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_1861_Enfield_musketoon" title="Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon">Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitworth_rifle" title="Whitworth rifle">Whitworth rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Snider%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Snider–Enfield">Snider–Enfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Martini%E2%80%93Henry" title="Martini–Henry">Martini–Henry</a></li>

<li><a href="Swinburn%E2%80%93Henry" title="Swinburn–Henry">Swinburn–Henry</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee%E2%80%93Metford" title="Lee–Metford">Lee–Metford</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Field Artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SBML 9 pounder 13 cwt</li>

<li>RBL 9 pounder</li>

<li><a href="RBL_12-pounder_8_cwt_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 12-pounder 8 cwt Armstrong gun">RBL 12-pounder</a></li>

<li><a href="RBL_20-pounder_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun">RBL 20-pounder</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_9-pounder_8_and_6_cwt_guns" title="RML 9-pounder 8 and 6 cwt guns">RML 9-pounder 8 cwt</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_13-pounder_8_cwt" title="RML 13-pounder 8 cwt">RML 13-pounder 8 cwt</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_16-pounder_12_cwt" title="RML 16-pounder 12 cwt">RML 16-pounder 12 cwt</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordnance_BL_12-pounder_7_cwt" title="Ordnance BL 12-pounder 7 cwt">BL 12-pounder 7 cwt</a></li>

<li><a href="BL_12-pounder_6_cwt_gun" title="BL 12-pounder 6 cwt gun">BL 12-pounder 6 cwt gun</a></li>

<li><a href="QF_12-pounder_8_cwt_gun" title="QF 12-pounder 8 cwt gun">QF 12-pounder 8 cwt</a></li>

<li><a href="BL_15-pounder_gun" title="BL 15-pounder gun">BL 15-pounder gun</a></li>

<li><a href="QF_1-pounder_pom-pom" title="QF 1-pounder pom-pom">QF 1-pounder pom-pom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">Mountain artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="RML_7-pounder_mountain_gun" title="RML 7-pounder mountain gun">RML 7-pounder mountain gun</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_2.5-inch_mountain_gun" title="RML 2.5-inch mountain gun">RML 2.5-inch mountain gun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzers</a>, medium,<br>and <a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">heavy artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="RML_6.3-inch_howitzer" title="RML 6.3-inch howitzer">RML 6.3-inch howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_6.6-inch_howitzer" title="RML 6.6-inch howitzer">RML 6.6-inch howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="BL_5-inch_howitzer" title="BL 5-inch howitzer">BL 5-inch howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="BL_5.4-inch_howitzer" title="BL 5.4-inch howitzer">BL 5.4-inch howitzer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Siege & garrison artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Long_Cecil" title="Long Cecil">4.1-inch 'Long Cecil'</a></li>

<li><a href="SBBL_32-pounder" title="SBBL 32-pounder">SBBL 32-pounder</a></li>

<li>SBML 24-pounder</li>

<li><a href="RBL_40-pounder_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun">RBL 40-pounder</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_25-pounder_18_cwt" title="RML 25-pounder 18 cwt">RML 25-pounder 18 cwt</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_40-pounder_gun" title="RML 40-pounder gun">RML 40-pounder gun</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_64-pounder_64_cwt_gun" title="RML 64-pounder 64 cwt gun">RML 64-pounder 64 cwt gun</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_64-pounder_58_cwt" title="RML 64-pounder 58 cwt">RML 64-pounder 58 cwt</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_64-pounder_71_cwt_gun" title="RML 64-pounder 71 cwt gun">RML 64-pounder 71 cwt gun</a></li>

<li><a href="68-pounder_95_cwt" class="mw-redirect" title="68-pounder 95 cwt">RML 80-pounder</a></li>

<li><a href="RML_8-inch_howitzer" title="RML 8-inch howitzer">RML 8-inch howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="BL_6-inch_30_cwt_howitzer" title="BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer">BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="24_cm_M%C3%B6rser_M_98" title="24 cm Mörser M 98">BL 9.45-inch howitzer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="QF_3-pounder_Nordenfelt" title="QF 3-pounder Nordenfelt">QF 3-pounder Nordenfelt</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>13-inch 36 cwt mortar</li>

<li>10-inch 18 cwt mortar</li>

<li>8-inch 9 cwt mortar</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve</a> 6-pounder</li>

<li><a href="Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve</a> 12-pounder</li>

<li><a href="Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve</a> 24-pounder</li>

<li>Boxer</li>

<li>Hales 9-pounder</li>

<li>Hales 24-pounder</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nordenfelt_gun" title="Nordenfelt gun">Nordenfelt gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">0.45" Gatling gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardner_gun" title="Gardner gun">Gardner gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim gun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weapons_of_the_American_Civil_War9265" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Weapons_of_the_American_Civil_War9265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Weapons of the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Edged_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Edged weapons">Edged weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arkansas_toothpick" title="Arkansas toothpick">Arkansas toothpick</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowie_knife" title="Bowie knife">Bowie knife</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1832_foot_artillery_sword" title="Model 1832 foot artillery sword">M1832 foot artillery sword</a></li>

<li>M1833 dragoon saber</li>

<li><a href="Model_1840_army_noncommissioned_officers'_sword" title="Model 1840 army noncommissioned officers' sword">M1840 army noncommissioned officer's sword</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1840_Cavalry_Saber" title="Model 1840 Cavalry Saber">M1840 cavalry saber</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1840_light_artillery_saber" title="Model 1840 light artillery saber">M1840 light artillery saber</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1850_Army_Staff_%26_Field_Officers'_Sword" title="Model 1850 Army Staff & Field Officers' Sword">M1850 army staff & field officer's sword</a></li>

<li>M1850 army foot officer's sword</li>

<li><a href="Model_1852_Naval_Officers_Sword" title="Model 1852 Naval Officers Sword">M1852 naval officer's sword</a></li>

<li><a href="M1860_Cutlass" class="mw-redirect" title="M1860 Cutlass">M1860 cutlass</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1860_Light_Cavalry_Saber" title="Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber">M1860 light cavalry saber</a></li>

<li><a href="Mameluke_sword" title="Mameluke sword">Mameluke sword</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Marine_Corps_noncommissioned_officer's_sword" title="United States Marine Corps noncommissioned officer's sword">USMC noncommissioned officer's sword</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Sidearm_(weapon)" title="Sidearm (weapon)">Sidearms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Adams_(handgun_designer)" title="Robert Adams (handgun designer)">Adams M1851 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethan_Allen_(armsmaker)#Revolver_pepperbox_percussion_pistols" title="Ethan Allen (armsmaker)">Allen & Thurber M1837 revolver pepperbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethan_Allen_(armsmaker)#Cartridge_pistols" title="Ethan Allen (armsmaker)">Allen & Wheelock M1861 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Beaumont%E2%80%93Adams_revolver" title="Beaumont–Adams revolver">Beaumont–Adams M1862 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Pepper-box#Transitional_revolver" title="Pepper-box">Butterfield M1855 transitional revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_Paterson" title="Colt Paterson">Colt M1836 Paterson revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_Walker" title="Colt Walker">Colt M1847 Walker revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_Dragoon_Revolver" title="Colt Dragoon Revolver">Colt M1848 Dragoon revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_Pocket_Percussion_Revolvers" title="Colt Pocket Percussion Revolvers">Colt M1849 Pocket revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_1851_Navy_Revolver" title="Colt 1851 Navy Revolver">Colt M1851 Navy revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_Army_Model_1860" title="Colt Army Model 1860">Colt M1860 Army revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_M1861_Navy" title="Colt M1861 Navy">Colt M1861 Navy revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_Pocket_Percussion_Revolvers" title="Colt Pocket Percussion Revolvers">Colt M1862 Police revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_Model_1855_Sidehammer_Pocket_Revolver" title="Colt Model 1855 Sidehammer Pocket Revolver">Colt Root M1855 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Derringer" title="Derringer">Deringer M1825 Philadelphia caplock pistol</a></li>

<li><a href="Pistol_sword#Military_use" title="Pistol sword">Elgin M1838 cutlass caplock pistol</a></li>

<li><a href="Harpers_Ferry_pistol" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry pistol">Harpers Ferry M1836 and M1842 pistol</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerr's_Patent_Revolver" title="Kerr's Patent Revolver">Kerr M1855 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Lefaucheux_M1854" title="Lefaucheux M1854">Lefaucheux M1854 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Lefaucheux_M1858" title="Lefaucheux M1858">Lefaucheux M1858 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="LeMat_Revolver" title="LeMat Revolver">LeMat M1856 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Teat-fire_cartridge" title="Teat-fire cartridge">Moore M1864 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Remington_Model_1858" title="Remington Model 1858">Remington M1858 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Remington_Elliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Remington Elliot">Remington M1860 Elliot revolver pepperbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Savage_1861_Navy" title="Savage 1861 Navy">Savage-North M1861 Navy revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_1" title="Smith & Wesson Model 1">Smith & Wesson Model 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_No._2_Army" title="Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army">Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army</a></li>

<li>Spiller & Burr M1861 revolver</li>

<li><a href="Starr_revolver" title="Starr revolver">Starr M1858 and M1863 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Tranter_(revolver)" title="Tranter (revolver)">Tranter M1856 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_Repeating_Arms" title="Volcanic Repeating Arms">Volcanic M1855 repeating pistol</a></li>

<li><a href="Walch_Revolver" title="Walch Revolver">Walch M1859 revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Leavitt" title="Daniel Leavitt">Wesson and Leavitt M1850 Dragoon revolver</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt_Dragoon_Revolver" title="Colt Dragoon Revolver">Whitney M1857 revolver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifles">Rifles</a> and <a href="Muskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskets">muskets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Augustin_Infantry_Musket_Model_1842" title="Augustin Infantry Musket Model 1842">Augustin M1842 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballard_Rifle" title="Ballard Rifle">Ballard M1861 rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Brunswick_rifle" title="Brunswick rifle">Brunswick P1836 and P1841 rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Burnside_carbine" title="Burnside carbine">Burnside M1855 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Charleville_musket#Other_variants" title="Charleville musket">Charleville M1816 and M1822 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Colt's_New_Model_revolving_rifle" title="Colt's New Model revolving rifle">Colt M1855 revolver carbine and rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1814_common_rifle" title="Model 1814 common rifle">Deringer M1814 Common rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1817_common_rifle" title="Model 1817 common rifle">Deringer M1817 Common rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_1861_Enfield_musketoon" title="Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon">Enfield P1861 musketoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Fayetteville_rifle" title="Fayetteville rifle">Fayetteville M1862 rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallager_carbine" title="Gallager carbine">Gallager M1861 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="M1819_Hall_rifle" title="M1819 Hall rifle">Hall M1819 rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="M1819_Hall_rifle#Production_history" title="M1819 Hall rifle">Hall-North M1843 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Harpers_Ferry_Model_1803" title="Harpers Ferry Model 1803">Harper Ferry M1803 rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_repeating_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry repeating rifle">Henry M1860 repeating rifle</a></li>

<li>Jenks M1841 <i>Mule ear</i> carbine</li>

<li><a href="Joslyn_rifle" title="Joslyn rifle">Joslyn M1855, M1861, M1862, M1864, M1865 carbine and rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorenz_rifle" title="Lorenz rifle">Lorenz M1854 rifled musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Maynard_carbine" title="Maynard carbine">Maynard M1851 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Merrill_carbine" title="Merrill carbine">Merrill M1858 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="M1841_Mississippi_rifle" title="M1841 Mississippi rifle">Mississippi M1841 rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Brown_Bess#Variations" title="Brown Bess">P1839 and P1842 <i>Brown Bess</i> musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Potzdam_Musket#Model_1831" title="Potzdam Musket">Potzdam M1831 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Richmond_rifle" title="Richmond rifle">Richmond M1861 rifled musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharps_rifle" title="Sharps rifle">Sharps M1848, M1850, M1851, M1852, M1853, M1855, M1859, M1863, M1865 carbine and rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharps_%26_Hankins_Model_1862_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharps & Hankins Model 1862 carbine">Sharps & Hankins M1862 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Smith_carbine" title="Smith carbine">Smith M1857 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Spencer_repeating_rifle" title="Spencer repeating rifle">Spencer M1860, M1865 repeating carbine and rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1795_Musket" title="Model 1795 Musket">Springfield M1795 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Springfield_Model_1812_Musket" title="Springfield Model 1812 Musket">Springfield M1812 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1816_Musket" title="Model 1816 Musket">Springfield M1816 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_1822_Musket" title="Model 1822 Musket">Springfield M1822 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Springfield_Model_1835" title="Springfield Model 1835">Springfield M1835 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Springfield_Model_1840_flintlock_musket" title="Springfield Model 1840 flintlock musket">Springfield M1840 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Springfield_Model_1842" title="Springfield Model 1842">Springfield M1842 musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Springfield_Model_1847" title="Springfield Model 1847">Springfield M1847 musketoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Springfield_Model_1855" title="Springfield Model 1855">Springfield M1855 rifled musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Springfield_Model_1861" title="Springfield Model 1861">Springfield M1861 rifled musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Springfield_Model_1863" title="Springfield Model 1863">Springfield M1863 rifled musket</a></li>

<li><a href="Starr_carbine" title="Starr carbine">Starr M1858 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarpley_carbine" title="Tarpley carbine">Tarpley M1863 carbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_Repeating_Arms" title="Volcanic Repeating Arms">Volcanic M1855 repeating rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Wesson_Rifles" title="Frank Wesson Rifles">Wesson M1859 carbine and rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitworth_rifle" title="Whitworth rifle">Whitworth P1857 rifle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Adams grenade</li>

<li><a href="Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Congreve_rocket#American_Civil_War" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve rocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled shotgun</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Hale_(British_inventor)#Rocketry" title="William Hale (British inventor)">Hale rocket launcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketchum_Grenade" title="Ketchum Grenade">Ketchum Grenade</a></li>

<li>Rains grenade</li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_J._Rains#Land_mines" title="Gabriel J. Rains">Rains landmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Winans_Steam_Gun" title="Winans Steam Gun">Winans Steam Gun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Machine_gun#History" title="Machine gun">Rapid fire weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ager_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ager machine gun">Ager machine gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Billinghurst_Requa_Battery" title="Billinghurst Requa Battery">Billinghurst Requa Battery volley gun</a></li>

<li>Claxton machine gun</li>

<li><a href="Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling I and II machine gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Gorgas_machine_gun" title="Gorgas machine gun">Gorgas machine gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Pate revolver cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ripley_machine_gun" title="Ripley machine gun">Ripley machine gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandenburgh_volley_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenburgh volley gun">Vandenberg volley gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Williams_gun" title="Williams gun">Williams machine gun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War#Mortars" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">8-inch M1841, 10-inch M1841 and 13-inch M1861 mortar</a></li>

<li><a href="Coehorn_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coehorn mortar">Coehorn 5.82-inch M1841 mortar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field</a> and<br><a href="Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">Siege artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="M1841_6-pounder_field_gun" title="M1841 6-pounder field gun">6-pounder M1841 field cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="M1841_12-pounder_howitzer" title="M1841 12-pounder howitzer">12-pounder M1841 howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="M1841_mountain_howitzer" title="M1841 mountain howitzer">12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="M1857_12-pounder_Napoleon" title="M1857 12-pounder Napoleon">12-pounder M1857 Napoleon field cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="M1841_24-pounder_howitzer" title="M1841 24-pounder howitzer">24-pounder M1841 howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="M1844_32-pounder_howitzer" title="M1844 32-pounder howitzer">32-pounder M1844 howitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Blakely_rifle" title="Blakely rifle">Blakely rifled cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="14-pounder_James_rifle" title="14-pounder James rifle">James 14-pounder M1861 rifled cannon</a> <small>(also known as James 6-pounder M1861 or 3.8-inch M1861 rifled cannon)</small></li>

<li><a href="Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War#James_rifles" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">James 24-pounder M1839, 32-pounder M1829 and 42-pounder M1841 rifled cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="3-inch_Ordnance_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="3-inch Ordnance rifle">Ordnance 3-inch M1861 rifled cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War#4.5-inch_siege_rifle" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">Ordnance 4.5-inch rifled cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="10-pounder_Parrott_rifle" title="10-pounder Parrott rifle">Parrott 10-pounder M1861 rifled cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="20-pounder_Parrott_rifle" title="20-pounder Parrott rifle">Parrott 20-pounder M1861 rifled cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War#Parrott_rifles" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">Parrott 30-pounder, 100-pounder, 200-pounder and 300-pounder rifled cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Pate revolver cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="12-pounder_Whitworth_rifle" title="12-pounder Whitworth rifle">Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval</a> and<br><a href="Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Columbiad" title="Columbiad">Bomford Columbiad cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Brooke_rifle" title="Brooke rifle">Brooke rifled cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Dahlgren_gun" title="Dahlgren gun">Dahlgren cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rodman_gun" title="Rodman gun">Rodman Columbiad cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="70-pounder_Whitworth_naval_gun" title="70-pounder Whitworth naval gun">Whitworth 70-pounder rifled cannon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a>, <a href="Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridges</a><br> and equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href=".22_Short" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 Short">.22 Short</a></li>

<li><a href=".44_Henry" title=".44 Henry">.44 Henry</a></li>

<li><a href=".56-56_Spencer" title=".56-56 Spencer">.56-56 Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">Canister shot</a></li>

<li><a href="Friction_primer" title="Friction primer">Friction primer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li>

<li><a href="Maynard_tape_primer" title="Maynard tape primer">Maynard tape primer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper cartridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pattern_1853_Enfield&oldid=1296777514">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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